Walter Lippmann by Shugfta Rani

Walter Lippmann was a prominent American journalist who wrote during the first half of the twentieth century. In this article, Public Opinion/ The Phantom Public, he stated this reality that American people never played a role in the government decision-making. He described that citizens confused that they did not know about the true meanings, messages or plans under the policies that government and elites conveyed and issuing for the ordinary persons. public just knew that this decision was made for their betterment but beneath that order, there was a propaganda spread for a certain reason and benefit. He also mentioned that mostly, opinions come forward in the time of disaster and then lost the importance very soon.

Lippmann also observed the public psychology and stated about the facts, " for the most part we do not first see and then define, we define first and then see. In a great blooming, buzzing confusion of the outer world we pick out what our culture has already defined for us, and we tend to perceive that which we have picked out in the form stereotyped for us by our culture."

Biography: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlippmann.htm

Lippman indicated that public should enter in the phase of judgement and essential qualified decisions. He explained by an example, that public, just stayed long enough to know, who was a hero and who was a villain but should wait until the last curtain, then understand the situation.

In 1980, Ronald Steel wrote in his book Walter Lippmann and the American Century that, in the Phantom Public " Lippmann seemed to be arguing that decisions, however arrived at, have no moral value. They are bad, not because they may be unjust, but only if they cause social conflict. The main criterion is not justice but tranquility.

Video: http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/170338-1

Quotes: http://thinkexist.com/quotes/walter_lippmann/

AMERICANIZING IMMIGRANTS-"CONTROLLING THROUGH ALLIANCE" BY, ROBERT E. PARK

AMERICANIZING IMMIGRANTS: "CONTROLLING THROUGH ALLIANCE"

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BACKROUND INFO: BETWEEN 1890-1920, A LARGE NUMBER OF EASTERN EUROPEAN AND SOUTHERN(TIER) IMMIGRANTS MIGRATED TO AMERICA."BY 1920 OVER HALF THE PEOPLE IN U.S. WERE EITHER IMMIGRANTS OR CHILDREN OF IMMIGRANTS."

WHY AMERICANIZE THE IMMIGRANTS?:

"THERE WAS A SENSE THAT, UNLESS TRANSFORMED THESE NEW-COMERS ---EDUCATED BY UNFAMILIAR AND BANEFUL SOCIAL,POLITICAL AND/OR RELIGIOUS OUTLOOKS--WOULD UNDERMINE TRADITIONAL AMERICAN VALUES.

AMERICA WANTED TO REMAIN AMERICA!

STRATEGY OF AMERICANIZATION:
ESTABLISHING A FOREIGN-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER IN THE U.S.WHERE GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE INTER-RACIAL COUNCIL AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE BUREAU MODIFIED IT CLOSELY.

http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/press.html

• IMMIGRANTS COULD NOW LEARN AND UNDERSTAND THE "NEW WORLD" THEY LIVED IN.


• THEY FELT MORE WELCOMED BECAUSE AMERICANS WERE WILLING TO FUND AND SUPPORT FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PRESS.


• ADVERTISING, USED AS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR OPPOSING RADICAL IDEAS AMONG IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES AND ENCOURAGED AN AMERICAN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFESTYLE.

"...AMERICA HAS RECIEVED YOU WHEN YOU CAME HERE SHE WANTS YOU NOW TO REMAIN HERE" (-INTER-RACIAL COUNCIL ADVERTISMENT) **THIS IS ONE OF THE WAYS IMMIGRANTS WERE PERSUADED INTO DOING THINGS THE AMERICAN WAY.

• "BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN CAPITAL AND LABOR" ** EARLY 20TH-CENTURY AMERICA WAS INDUSTRIALIZING AND THE IMMIGRANTS DID THE HARD LABOR.
• "USEFUL IN WINNING THE WORLD WAR" **KEPT THE PEACE IN AMERICA

"..FOREIGN- LANGUAGE PAPERS ARE BOUND TO BE MORE PATRIOTIC AND MORE CONSIDERATE OF AMERICAN BUSINESS." -ROBERT E. PARK

** FOREIGN-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS FELT THAT AMERICA CARED, AMERICA WAS ON THEIR SIDE AND AMERICA WANTED THEM TO PROSPER AND BECAUSE OF THAT, THEY FELT OBLIGATED TO "RETURN IT", THE FAVOR THAT IS.THIS WAS THE ALLIANCE IN WHICH THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT GAINED CONTROL OF THE FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PRESS.
ORGANIZATION'S SUCH AS THE INTER-RACIAL COUNCIL PERSUADED IMMIGRANTS THROUGH THEIR USE OF PROPAGANDA-ADVERTISMENTS.